Summary: According to the theory of evolution, approximately four and a half billion years ago the first sign of life on earth appeared as a single celled organism and as this cell began to reproduce itself, some of them began to merge and form multi-cell organisms. It is said that from this process, all life on earth has evolved into more complex organisms. But how did all these changes result in the creation of so many different lifeforms? This article answers that question.

According to the theory of evolution, approximately four and a half billion years ago the first sign of life on earth appeared. It was a single celled organism and like all living things, it had the ability to reproduce itself. Before long, the earth’s oceans were teeming with them. Then, around two billion years ago, some of these single cell bacteria began to merge and formed the first multi-cell organism.

From that time on, life began to evolve into more complex and various kinds of lifeforms, and scientists have cataloged this evolutionary path, linking one kind of species that evolved into a different kind. According to them, these changes took place over millions of years as one form of animal slowly morphed into another one.

According to evolutionists, we can see this change when we study the evolution of man. From the evidence science has acquired, it’s now believed that our race started from chimpanzees, and over the next five million years they slowly transitioned from one form of humanoid to a more advanced form, until around 600,000 years ago the first truly human being was born. But how did this change take place?

According to the theory of evolution, these changes came about primarily from genetic mutation. To understand what that is, we have to understand what genes are. Inside the nucleus of every cell, both plant and animal, there is something called deoxyribonulceic acid, or DNA for short. This is a long ribbon of chemical that resembles a twisted ladder with rungs, and it is the arrangement of these rungs, known as nucleotides, that determines what each plant and animal will be like.

This long ribbon of DNA is tightly wrapped together into what is called chromosomes and every animal has a different number of chromosomes.

In humans, we have twenty-four sets of chromosomes, with each set consisting of one from our mother and one from our father. However, each set of chromosomes contains a different group of instructions known as genes.

Just before a cell begins to divide, it makes an exact duplicate of every set of chromosomes, thereby creating forty-eight sets, but as the cell begins to divide, half of the chromosomes go into the new cell and the other half remains in the parent cell. When this division is complete, both cells contain the same twenty-four sets of chromosomes.

However, every so often when a cell makes a copy of its chromosomes, it makes a mistake and the new chromosomes are not exactly the same as the original. We call this change a mutation and when that happens, it also changes the instructions that were contained on the original chromosome.

Ninety-nine percent of the time, this change in instruction has a negative or no effect, but according to evolutionists, every so often this mutation produces a positive effect, meaning that it helps the animal to better adapt to its environment.

When this happens, it helps that particular animal survive better than other animals of its own species and as it reproduces, its offspring are able to flourish better than the others. This is known as survival of the fittest. But exactly how does this happen?

The rungs of the DNA ladder are made of only four chemicals and we can think of each rung as a letter. A gene is one small part or segment of the long DNA strand that’s contained in a chromosome. Even so, a gene can contain a thousand or more rungs.

It is those “letters” that spell out the instructions of how a particular part of the body is to be made and how it is to function. If just one rung is changed during the duplication process, it can cause a change in how the instructions are read and, according to evolutionists, it is those changes in instructions that account for how one animal is able to eventually change into a different kind of animal. However, there is a problem with this theory.

To understand what that problem is, we have to understand what the genetic instructions actually say. Instead of each rung being a letter, three rungs read together identify a particular kind of amino acid, and it is the sequence of how those amino acids are put together in what is called a peptide chain that determines what kind of protein it becomes, and a peptide chain can contain a thousand or more amino acids that all have to be in a very precise sequence.

However, that’s just the first step in the process. Once the chain has been completed, then it is folded and formed into a particular shape and it’s the shape of a protein that determines what it can do. Furthermore, two or more folded peptide chains can link together to form a larger protein. But if just one of those amino acids is in the wrong place, then it won’t be able to fold into the proper shape and when that happens, either it doesn’t work or it does something it wasn’t supposed to do.

Everything in our body is made of protein. The six different systems in our body, including bones, nerves, arteries, blood, and more are all made from protein.

It’s the sequence of how the amino acids are put together and how the peptide chains are folded that determine what kind of muscle cells will be made and how those cells will fit together and work together.

It’s the genes in our DNA that determines the kind of proteins are needed to make every organ in our body and what that organ is supposed to do. But for every organ to properly function requires a precise sequence of amino acids and it’s our genes that provide that information.

When we look at the eye, we don’t see just one blob of muscle but we see many different parts that are all needed to work together in a very precise manner. For this to happen takes hundreds of genes just to make all the components and put them together in the right size and position. Then it requires thousands of genes working together to make the eye actually work.

If we look at the heart, it takes about 200 genes just to make the core element. Then it takes another 300 genes to make the heart muscles and have them contract. Then it takes another 500 genes to form the blood vessels, and then it takes another thousand genes to produce the metabolism, mitochondria function, and repair. In all, it takes 2,000-3,000 genes to make the heart and have it actually work.

If we look at something as simple as our skin, which is made of protein, it takes more than 2,000 genes to build the epidermis, then there are genes needed to produce keratins, collagens, elastin, pigmentation, regulator genes, and immune and healing genes. In all, to make the human skin requires nearly 10,000 different kinds of genes.. But it is more complicated than this.

A bacteria cell is the simplest form of living organism and it contains many different parts, which are made of proteins. In all, this cell requires 4,000- 5,000 different kinds of proteins for it to function.

In the human body we have many different types of cells but the typical human cell can have anywhere between 10,000-20,000 different kinds of proteins needed for each cell to properly function, What this tells us is that having an accidental change of one or two rungs on one gene isn’t going to create a major change in the way an animal looks or behaves. For that to happen would require a great number of positive changes to be made to a large number of genes, all at the same time.

To put this in perspective, a frame house requires using hundreds of 2×4 studs that all have to be individually cut to a precise dimension, and the same goes for cutting floor and ceiling joists. Roof trusses not only have to be individually cut to the right size but also to the correct angle. If we imagine each piece of wood as being a gene, it is impossible to make a change to one or two pieces of wood that would drastically change the shape of a house in a positive way. If anything, it would make the house look worse rather than better.

The theory of evolution rests primarily on the assumption that all changes are ultimately the result of genetic mutation, but when we look more closely at their theory, it falls apart.

 

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